(p335) The possession form of dissociative identity disorder is involuntary and distressing, and occurs in a way that violates cultural or religious norms. The typical presenting symptoms in different regions of the world may also vary depending on culture, such as alter identities taking the form of possessing spirits, deities, ghosts, or mythical creatures and figures in cultures where normative possession states are common. It is unclear whether increased rates of the disorder are due to better recognition or sociocultural factors such as mass media portrayals. The number of recorded cases increased significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, along with the number of identities reported by those affected. (p334) DID is diagnosed about six times more often in women than in men. It is believed to affect about 1.5% of the general population (based on a small US community sample) and 3% of those admitted to hospitals with mental health issues in Europe and North America. The condition usually persists without treatment. Treatment generally involves supportive care and psychotherapy. Medications can be used for comorbid disorders or targeted symptom relief, for example antidepressants or treatments to improve sleep, however. There is no medication to treat DID directly. (p334) Other traumatic childhood experiences that have been reported include painful medical or surgical procedures, (p334) war, (p334) terrorism, (p334) attachment disturbance, (p334) natural disaster, cult, and occult abuse, loss of a loved one or loved ones, human trafficking, (p334) and dysfunctional family dynamics. (p334) Across diverse geographic regions, 90% of individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder report experiencing multiple forms of childhood abuse, such as rape, violence, neglect or severe bullying. (p331)Īccording to the DSM-5-TR, early childhood trauma, typically before the age of ~10 years, can place someone at risk of developing dissociative identity disorder. The diagnosis should not be made if the person's condition is better accounted for by substance use disorder, seizures, other medical problems, imaginative play in children, or religious practices. Genetic and biological factors are believed to play a role. (pp333–338) Self-harm, non-epileptic seizures, flashbacks with amnesia for content of flashbacks, anxiety disorders, and suicidality are also common. Other conditions that often occur in people with DID include post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders (especially borderline, Schizotypal and avoidant), depression, substance use disorders, conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder, eating disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and sleep disorders. (p331) The personality states alternately show in a person's behavior (p331) however, presentations of the disorder vary. (p331) The disorder is accompanied by memory gaps more severe than could be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. ĭissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of at least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states. It remains a controversial diagnosis, despite rigorous study in the scientific literature since 1975. Patient education, Peer support, Safety planning, Grounding techniques, Supportive care, psychotherapy ġ.1-1.5% lifetime prevalence in the general population ĭissociative identity disorder ( DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, split personality disorder or dissociative personality disorder, is a member of the family of dissociative disorders classified by the DSM-5, DSM-5-TR, ICD-10, ICD-11, and Merck Manual for diagnosis. Other specified dissociative disorder, psychotic disorder, Schizotypal personality disorder, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Traumatic brain injury, seizure disorder, personality disorder Suicide, Interpersonal problems, aggressive behaviors Sleep terrors, nightmares, sleepwalking, insomnia, hypersomnia), suicidality, self-harm Trauma and shame-based beliefs, Dissociative fugue, Eating disorders, Depression, Anxiety, sleep disturbances (eg. Medical condition Dissociative identity disorder Īt least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states, recurrent episodes of dissociative amnesia, inexplicable intrusions into consciousness (e.g., voices, intrusive thoughts, impulses, trauma-related beliefs), alterations in sense of self, depersonalization and derealization, intermittent functional neurological symptoms, emotion and behavior dysregulation, Schneiderian first-rank symptoms
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